Proposed
Goals and Targets on Sustainable Development for the Post-2015 Development
Agenda[1]:
Analysis links with biodiversity and ecosystems services
Dr. Marina Rosales Benites de Franco,
Dr. Elías Alfonso Valverde Torres and
Dr. César Jorge Arguedas Madrid
Federico Villarreal
National University
Introduction
The
sustainable development goals (SDGs) beyond 2015 have been based on the
outcomes of the Rio+20 Conference. The member States decided to establish an
"inclusive and transparent intergovernmental process open to all
stakeholders, with a view to developing global sustainable development goals to
be agreed by the General Assembly". Furthermore, they agreed that SDGs
must be based on Agenda 21 and the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation, fully
respect all the Rio Principles, be consistent with international law,
contribute to the full implementation of the outcomes of all major summits in
the economic, social and environmental fields, and incorporate in a balanced
way all three dimensions of sustainable development and their interlinkages,
not divert focus or effort from the achievement of the Millennium Development
Goals, including active involvement of all relevant stakeholders, as
appropriate, in the process. Hence, the SDGs must be easy to understand
including all realities and our aspirations as human species that share an only
one Planet.
The
document “The Future We Want” was crucial to lead this process which recognized
the eradicating poverty as the greatest global challenge, liberate the humanity
from poverty and hunger as a matter of urgency, that the planet Earth and its
ecosystems are our home, the rights of nature in the context of the promotion
of sustainable development, the just balance among the economic, social and
environment needs of present and future generations, the necessity to live in harmony
with nature and lead to efforts to restore the health and integrity of
ecosystems of the Earth.
In this
regard, this document has the objective to analyze the proposal sustainable
development goals beyond 2015 in the link with biodiversity and its ecosystem
services, taking account the commitments in the Finance for Sustainable
Development Conference held in Addis Ababa from 13 to 16 July 2015.
Finally,
it is important to mention that the proposal SDGs was developed by an
inter-governmental Open Working Group submitted a report to the 68th session of
the General Assembly containing a proposal for sustainable development goals
for consideration and appropriate action. The draft cero highlighted the
crucial call for integrated approaches to sustainable development that will
guide humanity to live in harmony with nature and lead to efforts to restore
the health and integrity of the Earth’s ecosystem. All cultures and
civilizations can contribute to sustainable development.
Sustainable Development Goals – Post 2015
Post –
2015 Development Agenda is an action plan for us to work in collaborative
partnership as a free human community with peace. The principal challenges are:
end poverty[1] and hunger[2], strengthen governance taking
special account tackling against corruption[3] and secure our planet through
restoring ecosystems[4] for present and future generations,
no one must be left behind. In this regard, it is crucial develop an inclusive
economic growth and share appropriate technology[5] for prosperity, as show in figure Nº
1.
Source: M Rosales.https://www.academia.edu/15086939/Proposed_Goals_and_Targets_on_Sustainable_Development_for_the_Post-2015_Development_Agenda_Analysis_links_with_biodiversity_and_ecosystem_service
Figure Nº 1. Challenges for development agenda post 2015.
The new Agenda considers, inter alia, integrated economic, social and
environmental issues, including the cultural that need to fit with a holistic
view. Figure Nº 2.
The vision
proposed[7]
“In
the goals and targets which we have agreed, we envisage a world free of
poverty, hunger, disease and want a world with of safe and nutritious food; of
affordable drinking water; of universal access to basic education with quality;
of physical, mental and social well-being. A world of universal respect for
human rights and human dignity; of justice and equality; of respect for race
and ethnicity; and of equal opportunity permitting the full realization of
human potential while promoting shared prosperity. A world in which every woman
and girl enjoys full gender equality and liberty to empowerment in our
societies. A just, equitable, tolerant
and inclusive World in which humanity lives in complete harmony with nature”
The goals and targets will be
complemented by indicators at the regional and national level to be developed
by member states. Under the guidance of the Economic and Social Council and the
UN Statistical Commission, the global indicator framework will be developed by
the Inter Agency and Expert Group on SDG Indicators and will be finalized by
March 2016.
Sustainable Development Goals[8] post – 2015 links
biodiversity and ecosystem services
The goals proposed are the following:
Goal 1. End poverty in
all its forms everywhere
Goal 2. End hunger,
achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable
agriculture
Goal 3. Ensure healthy
lives and promote well-being for all at all ages
Goal 4. Ensure inclusive
and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for
all
Goal 5. Achieve gender
equality and empower all women and girls
Goal 6. Ensure availability
and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all
Goal 7. Ensure access to
affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all
Goal 8. Promote
sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive
employment and decent work for all
Goal 9. Build resilient
infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster
innovation
Goal 10. Reduce
inequality within and among countries
Goal 11. Make cities and
human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable
Goal 12. Ensure
sustainable consumption and production patterns
Goal 14.
Conserve and sustainably use the oceans,
seas and marine resources for sustainable
development
Goal 15. Protect, restore
and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage
forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt
biodiversity loss
Goal 16. Promote
peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable
development, provide access to justice for all and build effective,
accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels
Goal 17. Strengthen the
means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable
development
This is an Agenda which encompasses all human
rights and will promote human dignity. It consider ensure fundamental rights
and freedoms by all without discrimination on grounds of race, color, sex,
language, religion, culture, migratory status, political or other opinion,
national or social origin, economic situation, birth or disability. The new
Agenda builds on the Millennium Development Goals and seeks to complete what
these did not achieve and reaffirms all the principles of the Rio Declaration
on Environment and Development. The Agenda sets out goals and targets to foster
to reduce inequality within and between states.
SDGs post – 2015 have a
strong base, the biodiversity and ecosystem services, goals 14 and 15, which
are related with goal 17. All others depend on them, production and consumption
sustainable (goals 7, 9, 11, 12, 13), inclusive economic growth (goals 8 and
10) and especially human dignity (goals 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 16). Figure Nº 3.
It is important to highlight that
sustainable development depends on healthy biodiversity and its ecosystems, in
other words healthy Planet. All the species are crucial for our existence, we
call maintain in the balance. It is not known e.g that pollinators contribute
to the agricultural yield for an estimated 35% of global food production[10]
and are directly responsible for up to 40% of the world’s supply of some
micronutrients, such as vitamin A[11].
Pollinator-related losses of foods and micronutrients have the potential to
substantially increase the burden of disease from non-communicable disease and
micronutrient deficiencies around the world. Declines in animal pollinators
could cause significant global health burdens from both non-communicable diseases
and micronutrient deficiencies (Matthew, 2015).
The bacteria, fungi, protozoa are
species few studied; however, they are vital for soil production. There is
relation within water and air healthy with basin ecosystem structure and
function. All our relation with nature must be respectfully with the planetary
boundaries. The planetary boundaries concept suggests that the existence of the
world that we have known and profited from throughout the Holocene now depends
on our actions as planetary stewards (WWF, 2015). SDG´s are related with
structure and functions of ecosystems which are reached out equilibrium when
are tackled by poor governance, corruption, inequalities, the lack of
democracy, no access to technology and accelerating of growing human
population. Figure Nº 4.
Goal 1. End poverty in all its forms
everywhere
- By 2030, eradicate extreme poverty for all people
everywhere, currently measured as people living on less than $1.25 a day
- By 2030, reduce at least by half the proportion
of men, women and children of all ages living in poverty in all its
dimensions according to national definitions
- Implement nationally appropriate social
protection systems and measures for all, including floors, and by 2030
achieve substantial coverage of the poor and the vulnerable
- By 2030, ensure that all men and women, in
particular the poor and the vulnerable, have equal rights to economic
resources, as well as access to basic services, ownership and control over
land and other forms of property, inheritance, natural resources,
appropriate new technology and financial services, including microfinance
- By 2030, build the resilience of the poor and
those in vulnerable situations and reduce their exposure and vulnerability
to climate-related extreme events and other economic, social and environmental
shocks and disasters
1 .a
Ensure significant mobilization of resources from a variety of sources,
including through enhanced development cooperation, in order to provide
adequate and predictable means for developing countries, in particular least
developed countries, to implement programmes and policies to end poverty in all
its dimensions.
The access and control over land and
other forms of property should taking account the incentives in sustainable use
of components of ecosystems and wildlife management, and we need to ensure
significant mobilization of resources from a variety of sources, including
through enhanced development cooperation.
Goal 2. End hunger, achieve food security
and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture
- By 2030, end hunger and ensure access by all people, in particular the poor and people in vulnerable situations, including infants, to safe, nutritious and sufficient food all year round
- By 2030, end all forms of malnutrition, including achieving, by 2025, the internationally agreed targets on stunting and wasting in children under 5 years of age, and address the nutritional needs of adolescent girls, pregnant and lactating women and older persons
- By 2030, double the agricultural productivity and
incomes of small-scale food producers, in particular women, indigenous
peoples, family farmers, pastoralists and fishers, including through
secure and equal access to land, other productive resources and inputs,
knowledge, financial services, markets and opportunities for value
addition and non-farm employment
- By 2030, ensure sustainable food production
systems and implement resilient agricultural practices that increase
productivity and production, that help maintain ecosystems, that
strengthen capacity for adaptation to climate change, extreme weather,
drought, flooding and other disasters and that progressively improve land
and soil quality
- By 2020, maintain the genetic diversity of seeds,
cultivated plants and fanned and domesticated animals and their related
wild species, including through soundly managed and diversified seed and
plant banks at the national, regional and international levels, and ensure
access to and fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the
utilization of genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge, as
internationally agreed
2.a Increase investment,
including through enhanced international cooperation, in rural infrastructure,
agricultural research and extension services, technology development and plant
and livestock gene banks in order to enhance agricultural productive capacity
in developing countries, in particular least developed countries
2.b Correct and prevent trade
restrictions and distortions in world agricultural markets, including through
the parallel elimination of all forms of agricultural export subsidies and all
export measures with equivalent effect, in accordance with the mandate of the
Doha Development Round
2.c Adopt measures to ensure the
proper functioning of food commodity markets and their derivatives and
facilitate timely access to market information, including on food reserves, in
order to help limit extreme food price volatility
The hunger end, food security and
nutrition should work as a landscape views, integrated sustainable agriculture,
soil conservation, water security, native crops, the traditional knowledge, and
economic incentives, as well as improvement in technology.
Goal 3. Ensure healthy lives and promote
well-being for all at all ages
- By 2030, reduce the global maternal mortality
ratio to less than 70 per 100,000 live births
- By 2030, end preventable deaths of newborns and
children under 5 years of age
- By 2030, end the epidemics of AIDS,
tuberculosis, malaria and neglected tropical diseases and combat
hepatitis, water-borne diseases and other communicable diseases
- By 2030, reduce by one third premature mortality
from non-communicable diseases through prevention and treatment and promote
mental health and well-being
- Strengthen the prevention and treatment of
substance abuse, including narcotic drug abuse and harmful use of alcohol
- By 2020, halve the number of global deaths and
injuries from road traffic accidents
- By 2030, ensure universal access to sexual
and reproductive health-care services, including for family planning, information
and education, and the integration of reproductive health into national
strategies and programmes
- Achieve universal health coverage, including financial
risk protection, access to quality essential health-care services and
access to safe, effective, quality and affordable essential medicines and
vaccines for all
- By 2030, substantially reduce the number of
deaths and illnesses from hazardous chemicals and air, water and soil
pollution and contamination
3.a Strengthen the implementation of
the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in all
countries, as appropriate
3.b Support the research and
development of vaccines and medicines for the communicable and non communicable
diseases that primarily affect developing countries, provide access to
affordable essential medicines and vaccines, in accordance with the Doha
Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health, which affirms the right of developing countries to use to
the full the provisions in the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of
Intellectual Property Rights regarding flexibilities to protect public health,
and, in particular, provide access to medicines for all
3.c Substantially increase health
financing and the recruitment, development, training and retention of the
health workforce in developing countries, especially in least developed
countries and small island developing States
3.d Strengthen the capacity of all countries,
in particular developing countries, for early warning, risk reduction and
management of national and global health risks
The healthy lives and well being need
to support in healthy ecosystems. Nearly all of the most important human
pathogens are either zoonotic or originated as zoonoses before adapting to
human beings and more than three-quarters of emerging infectious diseases are
estimated to be directly transmitted. Ecological changes have led to increased
rates of emerging and re-emerging diseases, including malaria (in some
locations), hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, Nipah virus, and Ebola virus disease
(Whitmee et al., 2015).
Goal 4.
Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning
opportunities for all
- By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys complete
free, equitable and quality primary and secondary education leading to
relevant and effective learning outcomes
- By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys have
access to quality early childhood development, care and pre-primary
education so that they are ready for primary education
- By 2030, ensure equal access for all women and
men to affordable and quality technical, vocational and tertiary
education, including university
- By 2030, increase by [x] per cent the number of youth
and adults who have relevant skills, including technical and vocational
skills, for employment, decent jobs and entrepreneurship
- By 2030, eliminate gender disparities in
education and ensure equal access to all levels of education and
vocational training for the vulnerable, including persons with
disabilities, indigenous peoples and children in vulnerable situations
- By 2030, ensure that all youth and at least [x]
per cent of adults, both men and women, achieve literacy and numeracy
- By 2030, ensure that all learners acquire the
knowledge and skills needed to promote sustainable development, including,
among others, through education for sustainable development and
sustainable lifestyles, human rights, gender equality, promotion of a
culture of peace and non violence, global citizenship and appreciation of
cultural diversity and of culture’s contribution to sustainable
development
4.a
Build and upgrade education facilities that are child, disability and gender
sensitive and provide safe, non-violent, inclusive and effective learning
environments for all
4.bBy
2020, expand by [x] per cent globally the number of scholarships available to
developing countries, in particular least developed countries, small island
developing States and African countries, for enforcement in higher education,
including vocational training and information and communications technology,
technical, engineering and scientific programmes, in developed countries and
other developing countries
4.c By
2030, increase by [x] per cent the supply of qualified teachers, including
through international cooperation for teacher training in developing countries,
especially least developed countries and small island developing States
Inclusive and equitable quality
education for all should integrate the nature, biodiversity and ecosystems, as
a transversal education in all levels. It is vital the teachers teach to love
the nature as a part of our lives.
Goal 5. Achieve
gender equality and empower all women and girls
- End all forms of discrimination against all women
and girls everywhere
- Eliminate all forms of violence against all women
and girls in the public and private spheres, including trafficking and
sexual and other types of exploitation
- Eliminate all harmful practices, such as child,
early and forced masculine and female genital mutilation
- Recognize and value unpaid care and domestic work
through the provision of public services, infrastructure and social
protection policies and the promotion of shared responsibility within the
household and the family as nationally appropriate
- Ensure women’s full and effective participation
and equal opportunities for leadership at all levels of decision-making in
political, economic and public life
- Ensure universal access to sexual and
reproductive health and reproductive rights as agreed in accordance with
the Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and
Development and the Beijing Platform for Action and the outcome documents
of their review conferences
5.a
Undertake reforms to give women equal rights to economic resources, as well as
access to ownership and control over land and other forms of property,
financial services, inheritance and natural resources, in accordance with
national laws
5.b Enhance
the use of enabling technology, in particular information and communications
technology, to promote the empowerment of women
5.c Adopt and strengthen sound policies and
enforceable legislation for the promotion of gender equality and the
empowerment of all women and girls at all levels
The empowerment of all women and
girls should enhance support to understanding the role of biodiversity and
ecosystem services in well being of families. Women are naturally educators.
Goal 6.
Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all
- By 2030, achieve universal and equitable access
to safe and affordable drinking water for all
- By 2030, achieve access to adequate and equitable
sanitation and hygiene for all and end open defecation, paying special
attention to the needs of women and girls and those in vulnerable
situations
- By 2030, improve water quality by reducing
pollution, eliminating dumping and minimizing release of hazard chemicals
and materials, halving the proportion of untreated wastewater and
increasing recycling and safe reuse by [x] per cent globally
- By 2030, substantially increase water-use
efficiency across all sectors and ensure sustainable withdrawals and
supply of freshwater to address water scarcity and substantially reduce
the number of people suffering from water scarcity
- By 2030, implement integrated water resources
management at all levels, including through transboundary cooperation as
appropriate
- By 2020, protect and restore water-related
ecosystems, including mountains, forests, wetlands, rivers, aquifers and
lakes
6.a By
2030, expand international cooperation and capacity-building support to
developing countries in water- and sanitation-related activities and
programmes, including water harvesting, desalination, water efficiency,
wastewater treatment, recycling and reuse technologies
6.b
Support and strengthen the participation of local communities in improving
water and sanitation management
The sustainable management of water and sanitation for all depends of
investment on green basins conservation and restoration. The mountains, forest
and all wetlands are essential water producers. The hydrologic cycle of water
is related with ecosystems processes to produce fresh water.
Goal 7.
Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all
- By 2030, ensure universal access to affordable,
reliable and modern energy services
- By 2030, increase substantially the share of renewable
energy in the global energy mix
- By 2030, double the global rate of improvement in
energy efficiency
7.a
By 2030, enhance international cooperation to facilitate access to clean energy
research and technology, including renewable energy, energy efficiency and
advanced and cleaner fossil-fuel technology, and promote investment in energy
infrastructure and clean energy technology
7.b By
2030, expand infrastructure and upgrade technology for supplying modern and
sustainable energy services for all in developing countries, in particular
least developed countries and small island developing States
Our challenge is change fossil – fuel
energy by renewable energy. In this regard, investment in clean energy
technology and share this technology with developing countries, in particular
least developed countries, is our security policy for future. This change
should improve healthy ecosystems and give more economic opportunities to
develop for human well being.
Goal 8.
Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and
productive employment
and decent work for all
- Sustain per capita economic growth in accordance
with national circumstances and, in particular, at least 7 per cent gross
domestic product growth per annum in the least developed countries
- Achieve higher levels of economic productivity
through diversification, technological upgrading and innovation, including
through a focus on high-value added and labour-intensive sectors
- Promote development-oriented policies that supreme productive activities, decent job creation, entrepreneurship, creativity and innovation, and encourage the formalization and growth of micro ‘ small- and medium-sized enterprises, including through access to financial services
- Improve progressively, through 2030, global
resource efficiency in consumption and production and endeavor to decouple
economic growth from environmental degradation, in accordance with the
10-year framework of programmes on sustainable consumption and production,
with developed countries taking the lead
- By 2030, achieve full and productive employment
and decent work for all women and men, including for young people and
persons with disabilities, and equal pay for work of equal value
- By 2020, substantially reduce the proportion of
youth not in employment, education or training
- Take immediate and effective measures to secure
the prohibition and elimination of the worst fonts of child labor,
eradicate forced labor and; by 2025, end child labor in all its forms,
including the recruitment and use of child soldiers
- Protect labor rights and promote safe and secure
working environments for all workers, including migrant workers, in particular
women migrants, and those in precarious employment
- By 2030, devise and implement policies to promote
sustainable tourism that creates jobs and promotes local culture and
products
- Strengthen the capacity of domestic financial
institutions to encourage and expand access to banking, insurance and
financial services for all
8.a
Increase Aid for Trade supplies for developing countries, in particular least
developed countries, including through the Enhanced Integrated Framework for
Trade-Related Technical Assistance to Least Developed Countries
8.b By
2020, develop and operationalize a global strategy for youth employment and
implement the Global Jobs Pact of the International Labor Organization
The inclusive and sustainable
economic growth and reduction the proportion of youth not in employment is a
huge challenge. We should look for other alternatives. There is a huge
alternative to create youth employments in green infrastructure in green and
blue cities, forestation, reforestation, restoration ecosystems, green
buildings, aquaculture, remediation, ecotourism and others.
Goal 9.
Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable
industrialization and foster innovation
- Develop quality, reliable, sustainable and
resilient infrastructure, including regional and transborder
infrastructure, to supplies economic development and human well-being,
with a focus on affordable and equitable access for all
- Promote inclusive and sustainable
industrialization and, by 2030, significantly raise industry’s share
of employment and gross domestic product, in line with national
circumstances, and double its share in least developed countries
- Increase the access of small-scale industrial and other enterprises, in particular in developing countries, to financial services, including affordable credit, and their integration into value chains and markets
- By 2030, upgrade infrastructure and retrofit industries to make them sustainable, with increased resource-use efficiency and greater adoption of clean and environmentally sound technologies and industrial processes, with all countries taking action in accordance with their respective capabilities
- Enhance scientific research, upgrade the
technological capabilities of industrial sectors in all countries, in particular
developing countries, including, by 2030, encouraging innovation and
increasing the number of research and development workers per 1 million
people by [x] per cent and public and private research and development
spending
9.a
Facilitate sustainable and resilient infrastructure development in developing
countries through enhanced financial, technological and technical support to African
countries, least developed countries, landlocked developing countries and small
island developing States
9.b
Support domestic technology development, research and innovation in developing
countries, including by ensuring a conducive policy environment for, inter
alia, industrial diversification and value addition to commodities
9.c Significantly
increase access to information and communications technology and strive to
provide universal and affordable access to the Internet in least developed
countries by 2020
Sustainable industrialization and
foster innovation depends the access to financial services. Furthermore, the
industrial enterprises should be responsible for lifetime of their products,
they need incentives to innovate in clean process, and create mechanisms of green
incentives and green taxes.
Goal 10. Reduce inequality within and among
countries
- By 2030, progressively achieve and sustain income
growth of the bottom 40 per cent of the population at a rate higher than
the national average
- By 2030, empower and promote the social, economic
and political inclusion of all, irrespective of age, sex, disability,
race, ethnicity, origin, religion or economic or other status
- Ensure equal opportunity and reduce inequalities
of outcome, including by eliminating discriminatory laws, policies and
practices and promoting appropriate legislation, policies and action in
this regard
- Adopt policies, especially fiscal, wage and
social protection policies, and progressively achieve greater equality
- Improve the regulation and monitoring of global
financial markets and institutions and strengthen the implementation of
such regulations
- Ensure enhanced representation and voice for
developing countries in decision-making in global international economic
and financial institutions in order to deliver more effective, credible,
accountable and legitimate institutions
- Facilitate orderly, safe, regular and responsible
migration and mobility of people, including through the implementation of
planned and well-managed migration policies
10.a
Implement the principle of special and differential treatment for developing
countries, in particular least developed countries, in accordance with World
Trade Organization agreements
10.b
Encourage official development assistance and financial flows, including
foreign direct investment, to States where the need is greatest, in particular
least developed countries, African countries, small island developing States
and landlocked developing countries, in accordance with their national plans
and programmes
10.c By
2030, reduce to less than 3 per cent the transaction costs of migrant
remittances and eliminate remittance corridors with costs higher than 5 per
cent
Inequality within and among countries
is related with good governance, democracy and commitment of human rights. It
could be very crucial implement a poverty tax in the framework sustain income
growth of the bottom 40 per cent of the population at a rate higher than the
national average.
Goal 11.
Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable
- By 2030, ensure access for all to adequate, safe
and affordable housing and basic services and upgrade slums
- By 2030, provide access to safe, affordable,
accessible and sustainable transport systems for all, improving road
safety, notably by expanding public transport, with special attention to
the needs of those in vulnerable situations, women, children, persons with
disabilities and older persons
- By 2030, enhance inclusive and sustainable
urbanization and capacity for participatory, integrated and sustainable
human settlement planning and management in all countries
- Strengthen efforts to protect and safeguard the
world’s cultural and natural heritage
- By 2030, significantly reduce the number of
deaths and the number of people affected and decrease by [x] per cent the
economic losses relative to gross domestic product caused by disasters,
including water-related disasters, with a focus on protecting the poor and
people in vulnerable situations
- By 2030, reduce the adverse per capita
environmental impact of cities, including by paying special attention to
air quality and municipal and other waste management
- By 2030, provide universal access to safe,
inclusive and accessible, green and public spaces, in particular for women
and children, older persons and persons with disabilities
11.a
Support positive economic, social and environmental links between urban, peri urban
and rural areas by strengthening national and regional development planning
11.b By 2020, increase by
[x] per cent the number of cities and human settlements adopting and implementing
integrated policies and plans towards inclusion, resource efficiency,
mitigation and adaptation to climate change, resilience to disasters, develop and
implement, in line with the forthcoming Hyogo Framework, holistic disaster risk
management at all levels
11.c
Support least developed countries, including through financial and technical
assistance, in building sustainable and resilient buildings utilizing local
materials
The order and ecological zonification under the soil capacities will
improve cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable.
Goal 12.
Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns
- Implement the 10-year framework of programmes on
sustainable consumption and production, all countries taking action, with
developed countries taking the lead, taking into account the development
and capabilities of developing countries
- By 2030, achieve the sustainable management and
efficient use of natural resources
- By 2030, halve per capita global food waste at
the retail and consumer levels and reduce food losses along production and
supply chains, including post-harvest losses
- By 2020, achieve the enviromnentally sound
management of chemicals and all wastes throughout their life cycle, in
accordance with agreed international frameworks, and significantly reduce
their release to air, water and soil in order to minimize their adverse
impacts on human health and the enviromnent
- By 2030, substantially reduce waste generation
through prevention, reduction, recycling and reuse
- Encomage companies, especially large and
transnational companies, to adopt sustainable practices and to integrate
sustainability information into their reporting cycle
- Promote public procurement practices that are
sustainable, in accordance with national policies and priorities
- By 2030, ensure that people everywhere have the
relevant information and awareness for sustainable development and lifestyles
in harmony with nature
12.a
Support developing countries to strengthen their scientific and technological
capacity to move towards more sustainable patterns of consumption and
production
12.b
Develop and implement tools to monitor sustainable development impacts for
sustainable tourism that creates jobs and promotes local culture and products
12.c
Rationalize inefficient fossil-fuel subsidies that encourage wasteful
consumption by removing market distortions, in accordance with national
circumstances, including by restructuring taxation and phasing out those
harmful subsidies, where they exist, to reflect their enviromnental impacts,
taking fully into account the specific needs and conditions of developing
countries and minimizing the possible adverse impacts on their development in a
manner that protects the poor and the affected communities
Sustainable management and efficient
use of natural resources within safe ecological limits and elimination of negative externalities in the market are the first steps to ensure sustainable consumption
and production patterns.
Goal 13.
Take urgent action to combat climate change
and its impacts*
- Strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to
climate-related hazards and natural disasters in all countries
- Integrate climate change measures into national
policies, strategies and planning
- Improve education, awareness-raising and human
and institutional capacity on climate change mitigation, adaptation,
impact reduction and early warning
13.a Implement the commitment undertaken by
developed-country parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change to a goal of mobilizing jointly $100 billion annually by 2020 from all
sources to address the needs of developing countries in the context of
meaningful mitigation actions and transparency on implementation and fully
operationalize the Green Climate Fund through its capitalization as soon as
possible
13.b
Promote mechanisms for raising capacity for effective climate change-related
planning and management in least developed countries, including focusing on
women, youth and local and marginalized communities
*
Acknowledging that the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is
the primary international, intergovernmental forum for negotiating the global
response to climate change.
The conservation of ecosystems and
their process are related with the capacity to maintain and improve the
resilience to combat the climate change. The protected areas are strategic
natural spaces to build mitigation and adaptation actions. Urge a new global
climate change agreement to reduce global emissions by at least 60% below 2010
levels by 2050 (European Commission, 2015) in light of the below 2 degrees
goal.
Goal 14.
Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for
sustainable development
- By 2025, prevent and significantly reduce marine
pollution of all kinds, in particular from land based activities,
including marine debris and nutrient pollution
- By 2020, sustainably manage and protect marine
and coastal ecosystems to avoid significant adverse impacts, including by
strengthening their resilience, and take action for their restoration in
order to achieve healthy and productive oceans
- Minimize and address the impacts of ocean
acidification, including through enhanced scientific cooperation at all
levels
- By 2020, effectively regulate harvesting and end
overfishing, illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing and destructive
fishing practices and implement science-based management plans, in order
to restore fish stocks in the shortest time feasible, at least to levels
that can produce maximum sustainable yield as determined by their
biological characteristics
- By 2020, conserve at least 10 per cent of coastal
and marine areas, consistent with national and international law and based
on the best available scientific information
- By 2020, prohibit certain forms of fisheries
subsidies which contribute to overcapacity and overfishing, eliminate
subsidies that contribute to illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing
and refrain from introducing new such subsidies, recognizing that
appropriate and effective special and differential treatment for
developing and least developed countries should be an integral part of the
World Trade Organization fisheries subsidies negotiation (2)
- By 2030, increase the economic benefits to Small
Island developing States and least developed countries from the
sustainable use of marine resources, including through sustainable
management of fisheries, aquaculture and tourism
(2) Taking
into account ongoing World Trade Organization negotiations, the Doha
Development Agenda and the Hong Kong ministerial mandate.
14.a
Increase scientific knowledge, develop research capacity and transfer marine
technology, taking into account the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission
Criteria and Guidelines on the Transfer of Marine Technology, in order to
improve ocean health and to enhance the contribution of marine biodiversity to
the development of developing countries, in particular small island developing
States and least developed countries
14.b Provide access
for small-scale artisanal fishers to marine resources and markets
14.c
Ensure the full implementation of international law, as reflected in the United
Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea for States parties thereto, including,
where applicable, existing regional and international regimes for the
conservation and sustainable use of oceans and their resources by their parties
to those regimes
It is vital
to conserving at least 10 per cent of coastal and marine areas, consistent with
national and international law and based on the best available scientific
information. These marine protected areas will be genetic reservoirs to sustain
fishing and give opportunities to food security.
Goal 15.
Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems,
sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land
degradation and halt biodiversity loss
- By 2020, ensure the conservation, restoration and
sustainable use of terrestrial and inland freshwater ecosystems and their
services, in particular forests, wetlands, mountains and drylands, in line
with obligations under international agreements
- By 2020, promote the implementation of sustainable management of all types of forests, halt deforestation, restore degraded forests and increase afforestation and reforestation by [x] per cent globally
- By 2020, combat desertification, restore degraded
land and soil, including land affected by desertification, drought and
floods, and strive to achieve a land degradation-neutral world
- By 2030, ensure the conservation of mountain
ecosystems, including their biodiversity, in order to enhance their
capacity to provide benefits that are essential for sustainable
development
- Take urgent and significant action to reduce the
degradation of natural habitats, halt the loss of biodiversity and, by
2020, protect and prevent the extinction of threatened species
- Ensure fair and equitable sharing of the benefits
arising from the utilization of genetic resources and promote appropriate
access to such resources
- Take urgent action to end poaching and
trafficking of protected species of flora and fauna and address both
demand and supply of illegal wildlife products
- By 2020, introduce measures to prevent the
introduction and significantly reduce the impact of invasive alien species
on land and water ecosystems and control or eradicate the priority species
- By 2020, integrate ecosystem and biodiversity
values into national and local planning, development processes, poverty
reduction strategies and accounts
15.a
Mobilize and significantly increase financial resources from all sources to
conserve and sustainably use biodiversity and ecosystems
15.b
Mobilize significant resources from all sources and at all levels to finance
sustainable forest management and provide adequate incentives to developing
countries to advance such management, including for conservation and
reforestation
15.c
Enhance global support for efforts to combat poaching and trafficking of
protected species, including by increasing the capacity of local communities to
pursue sustainable livelihood opportunities
The
restoration must be a prior action of all countries, at least 17% of degraded
ecosystem should be restored, this activity will part of economic strategic
activity to ensure business improve their investments against climate change
and ensure the ecosystems services. In the other hand, the countries need to
strengthen to conservation of ecosystems, including their biodiversity, in
order to enhance their capacity to provide benefits from ecosystem services.
Human
innovation should work in other forms of protected land to prevent the
extinction of threatened species, as conservation and sustainable use areas
different from protected areas.
Goal 16.
Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide
access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive
institutions at all levels
- Significantly reduce all forms of violence and related death rates everywhere
- End abuse, exploitation, trafficking and all
forms of violence against and torture of children
- Promote the rule of law at the national and
international levels and ensure equal access to justice for all
- By 2030, significantly reduce illicit financial
and arms flows, strengthen the recove1y and return of stolen assets and
combat all forms of organized crime
Substantially reduce corruption and bribery in all their forms
- Develop effective, accountable and transparent
institutions at all levels
- Ensure responsive, inclusive, participatory and
representative decision-making at all levels
- Broaden and strengthen the participation of
developing countries in the institutions of global governance
- By 2030, provide legal identity for all,
including birth registration
- Ensure public access to information and protect
fundamental freedoms, in accordance with national legislation and
international agreements
16.a
Strengthen relevant national institutions, including through international
cooperation, for building capacity at all levels, in particular in developing
countries, to prevent violence and combat terrorism and crime
16.b
Promote and enforce non-discriminatory laws and policies for sustainable
development
This goal must strengthen to eliminate the corruption
and bribery in all their forms. The countries must commit the transparency, report
and accountability to citizens. Develop mechanism to enhance social
participation in government institutions. The access to justice should develop
a decentralized transparent system, and restructure the legal order eliminating
the perverse systems.
Goal 17.
Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership
for sustainable development
Finance
- Strengthen domestic resource mobilization,
including through international support to developing countries, to
improve domestic capacity for tax and other revenue collection
- Developed countries to implement fully their
official development assistance commitments, including to provide 7 per
cent of gross national income in official development assistance to
developing countries, of which 0.15 to 0.20 per cent should be provided to
least developed countries
- Mobilize additional financial resources for
developing countries from multiple sources
- Assist developing countries in attaining long-term debt sustainability through coordinated policies aimed at fostering debt financing, debt relief and debt restructuring, as appropriate, and address the external debt of highly indebted poor countries to reduce debt distress
- Adopt and implement investment promotion regimes
for least developed countries
Technology
- Enhance North-South, South-South and triangular
regional and international cooperation on and access to science,
technology and innovation and enhance knowledge sharing on mutually agreed
terms, including through improved coordination among existing mechanisms,
in particular at the United Nations level, and through a global technology
facilitation mechanism when agreed upon
- Promote the development, transfer, dissemination
and diffusion of environmentally sound technologies to developing
countries on favorable terms, including on concessional and preferential
terms, as mutually agreed
- Fully operationalize the technology bank and
science, technology and innovation capacity building mechanism for least
developed countries by 2017 and enhance the use of enabling technology, in
particular information and communications technology
Capacity-building
- Enhance international support for implementing
effective and targeted capacity-building in developing countries to
support national plans to implement all the sustainable development goals,
including through North-South, South-South and triangular cooperation
Trade
- Promote a universal, rules-based, open,
non-discriminatory and equitable multilateral trading system under the
World Trade Organization, including through the conclusion of negotiations
under its Doha Development Agenda
- Significantly increase the exports of developing
countries, in particular with a view to doubling the least developed
countries’ share of global exports by 2020
- Realize timely implementation of duty-free and
quota-free market access on a lasting basis for all least developed
countries, consistent with World Trade Organization decisions, including
by ensuring that preferential rules of origin applicable to imports from
least developed countries are transparent and simple, and contribute to
facilitating market access
Systemic
issues
Policy and
institutional coherence
- Enhance global macroeconomic stability, including
through policy coordination and policy coherence
- Enhance policy coherence for sustainable
development
- Respect each country’s policy space and
leadership to establish and implement policies for poverty eradication and
sustainable development
Multi-stakeholder
partnerships
- Enhance the global partnership for sustainable
development, complemented by multi-stakeholder partnerships that mobilize
and share knowledge, expertise, technology and financial resources, to
support the achievement of the sustainable development goals in all
countries, in particular developing countries
- Encourage and promote effective public,
public-private and civil society partnerships, building on the experience
and resourcing strategies of partnerships
Data,
monitoring and accountability
- By 2020, enhance capacity-building support to
developing countries, including for least developed countries and small
island developing States, to increase significantly the availability of
high-quality, timely and reliable data disaggregated by income, gender,
age, race, ethnicity, migratory status, disability, geographic location
and other characteristics relevant in national contexts
By 2030, build on existing
initiatives to develop measurements of progress on sustainable development that
complement gross domestic product, and support statistical capacity-building in
developing countries
Guarantee
official development assistance commitments and provide 7 per cent of gross
national income in official development assistance to developing countries, of
which 0.15 to 0.20 percent should be provided to least developed countries. It
is important to think in what more mechanism the countries improve the finance
for sustainable development as incentives, green tax and poverty tax, to
enhance the social inclusion and change the patron to renewable energy.
Outcome document of the Third International Conference on Financing for
Development: Addis Ababa Action Agenda[13].
The Third International Conference on
Financing for Development, having met in Addis Ababa from 13 to 16 July 2015,
adopts, as the outcome document of the Conference, the Addis Ababa Action
Agenda of the Third International Conference on Financing for Development,
“Addis Ababa Action Agenda”. This Agenda was endorsed by the General Assembly
in its resolution 69/313 of 27 July 2015.
The outcome of the
Conference on Financing for Development enhances and revitalizes global
partnership for sustainable development and strengthening international
cooperation for implementation of the post-2015 development agenda. The Agenda goal
is to end poverty and hunger, and to achieve sustainable development in its three
dimensions through promoting inclusiveeconomic growth, protecting the
environment, and promoting social inclusion. In this regard, it is crucial to
protecting the rights of all children, and ensuring that no child is left
behind. It is unacceptable and understanding that close to 800 million people
are chronically undernourished and do not have access to sufficient, safe and
nutritious food.
The
agenda calls to commit to respecting all human rights, including the right to
development, ensure gender equality and women’s and girls’ empowerment; and, promotes
peaceful, inclusive societies and advance fully towards an equitable global
economic system in which no country or person is left behind, enabling decent
work and productive livelihoods for all, while preserving the planet for our
children and future generations.
The
Agenda highlighted to combat illicit financial flows and money-laundering. It
encourages countries to implement measures to ensure transparency, and take
note of voluntary initiatives such as the Extractive Industries Transparency
Initiative. The Parties will continue to share best practices and promote peer
learning and capacity-building for contract negotiations for fair and
transparent concession, revenue and royalty agreements, and for monitoring the
implementation of contracts.
It is
important that the Agenda recognizes that illegal wildlife trade, illegal
unreported and unregulated fishing, illegal logging and illegal mining are a
challenge for many countries and its link with corruption and lost revenue. Therefore,
the necessity combats them by strengthening both national regulation and
international cooperation, and increasing the capacity of local communities to
pursue sustainable livelihood opportunities.
In this
regard, it acknowledges the critical importance of biodiversity and the
sustainable use of its components in poverty eradication and sustainable
development. The implementation of the global Strategic Plan for Biodiversity
for 2011-2020 and its Aichi Biodiversity Targets by the parties to the
Convention on Biological Diversity and encourage the mobilization of financial
resources from all sources and at all levels to conserve and sustainable use
biodiversity and ecosystems, including promoting sustainable land management,
combating desertification, drought, dust storms and floods, restoring degraded
land and soil, and promoting sustainable forest management; and, to providing
support to countries in need to enhance the implementation of their national
biodiversity strategies and action plans.
The agreed upon outcome document,
officially titled “Transforming our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development”
will be formally adopted at a UN summit held from 25-27 September and go into
effect on 1 January 2016, replacing the current Millennium Development Goals
(MDGs)[14].
Efforts required to achieve the
expansive new agenda are expected to be significant, with an estimated that
US$3.5 - 5 trillion needed annually for its full implementation, and
comprehensive regulatory reforms required in a number of countries14.
Conclusions and recommendations
The
Sustainable Development Goals beyond 2015 are set of goals linking with
biodiversity and ecosystem services. They are the base to commit of all goals
as a part to achieve economic growth inclusive, share the progress, end the
poverty and hunger in the world. The countries should to join with fast-growing
economies, but they must stop the
corrupt from getting away with it and prevent money laundering and stop secret
companies from masking corruption. This is crucial to adopt radical
anti-corruption measures in favor of their people. This should be underpinned by effective,
accountable and inclusive institutions, sound policies and good governance at
all levels.
I this
regard, the countries with good governance and cero corruption could lead private
business activities, investment and innovation as major drivers of
productivity, inclusive economic growth and job creation. The governments as a
part of inclusive society should encourage knowledge-sharing and the promotion
of cooperation and partnerships between stakeholders, firms, academia and civil
society including local stakeholders, in sectors contributing to the
achievement of the sustainable development goals. This progress will integrate
with the commitment Addis Ababa Action Agenda, implementing the finance for
development outcomes of the post‑2015 development agenda and advise the
intergovernmental follow-up thereto on progress, implementation gaps and
recommendations for corrective action, while taking into consideration the
national and regional dimensions.
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[1] The Gross National Income (GNI) for
Euro area is $ 39.174 (2014) and Least Developed Countries $ 928 (2014). http://data.worldbank.org/topic/economy-and-growth 10.08.2015.
[2] The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) for
Euro area is $ 13.40 trillion, Least Developed Countries is $ 0.88 trillion and
the world is $ 77.87 trillion. http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD/countries/1W?display=graph
Sub-Saharan Africa 46.8% population
lives in poverty headcount ratio of $ 1.25 a day http://data.worldbank.org/topic/poverty 10.08.2015.
[3] Despite the life expectancy at birth
growth from 66 (1995) to 71 (2013) years there still prevalence of child
malnutrition (% of children under age 5, whose weight for age is more than two
standard deviations below the median for the international reference population
ages 0-59 months) e.g. Yemen Rep 35.5% (2000 – 2004), Bangladesh 31.9% (2013) http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.STA.MALN.ZS/countries/1W?display=default 10.08.2015.
[4] Poorly equipped schools, counterfeit
medicine and elections decided by money are just some of the consequences of
public sector corruption. Bribes and backroom deals don’t just steal resources
from the most vulnerable – they undermine justice and economic development, and
destroy public trust in government and leaders (Transparency International,
2014). Denmark 92 score and Finland 89 score are in the top of corruption
perception index and, Somalia and Korea (North) are in the bottom with 8 score.
http://www.transparency.org/cpi2014/results 10.08.2015.
[5] The global Living Planet Index (LPI) shows
a decline of 52 per cent between 1970 and 2010. The Ecological Footprint
reports that 1.5 Earths would be required to meet the demands humanity makes on
nature each year (WWF, 2014). http://wwf.panda.org/about_our_earth/all_publications/living_planet_report/living_planet_index2/ 10.08.2015.
[6] The countries
that export high-technology with high R&D intensity, such as in aerospace,
computers, pharmaceuticals, scientific instruments, and electrical machinery
are China ($ 560.058.333.865) and Germany ($193.687.960.653). http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/TX.VAL.TECH.CD 10.08.2015.
[7] Adapted by M. Rosales http://www.un.org/youthenvoy/2015/06/zero-draft-outcome-document-adopt-post-2015-development-agenda/
[8] http://www.un.org/youthenvoy/2015/06/zero-draft-outcome-document-adopt-post-2015-development-agenda/
[9] * Acknowledging that the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is the primary international, intergovernmental forum for negotiating the global response to climate change.
[10] Klein A-M, Vaissiere BE, Cane JH, et al. Importance of pollinators in changing landscapes for world crops. Proc Biol Sci 2007; 274: 303–13.
[11] Eilers EJ, Kremen C, Greenleaf SS, Garber AK, Klein A-M. Contribution of pollinator-mediated crops to nutrients in the human food supply. PLoS One 2011; 6: 6.
[12] United Nations. 2015. Zero draft of the outcome document for the UN Summit to adopt the Post-2015 Development Agenda. https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/4523zerodraft.pdf
[13]Addis Ababa Action Agenda. http://www.un.org/esa/ffd/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/AAAA_Outcome.pdf
[14] UN clinches outcome document for post-2015 development agenda. 21 August 2015.
[1] The United Nations summit
for the adoption of the post-2015 development agenda will be held from 25 to 27
September 2015, in New York.
