Kunming-Montreal
Global Biodiversity Framework 2022 - 2030
Marina Rosales Benites de Franco[1]
The Kunming – Montreal Global Biodiversity
Framework was approved in the fifteenth meeting – Part II of Biological
Diversity Convention that was held in Montreal, Canada, 7-19 December 2022.
This framework has a big challenge to balanced
and enhanced implementation of all provisions of the Convention including its
three objectives. Also, it should be used as a strategic plan for the
implementation of the Convention and its Protocols, over the period 2022–2030.
The Conference of the Parties should present at its sixteenth meeting the update implementation of the framework.
The society has more awareness the vital
importance biodiversity conservation as fundamental part of human life;
however, the logic importance is maintaining the economic prosperity for future
generations to live in healthy ecosystems. These thirty years, we learned the
nature as biodiversity is the key to improve decisions making in different
global challenge as climate change and accomplish global sustainable
development goals to 2030. Furthermore, we understood the fundamental
importance of assessments develops by the Intergovernmental Science-Policy
Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) to build and develop
policies at global, regional, and national levels.
All biodiversity problems are related with the
underlying causes, the indirect drivers of change which underpinned by social,
economic and government decisions. These underlying causes are responsible of the
direct drivers of change in nature, ecosystems, as changes in land and sea use,
direct exploitation of organisms, climate change, pollution, and invasion of
alien species.
The framework searches to transform all the
drivers of change biodiversity conservations through theory of change. In this
regard, the purpose of the framework aims to catalyze, enable and galvanize
urgent and transformative action by Governments, subnational and local
governments, and with the involvement of all of society to halt and reverse
biodiversity loss, to achieve the outcomes it sets out in its vision, mission,
goals and targets, and the framework is action- and results-oriented, and aims
to guide and promote at all levels the revision, development, updating, and
implementation of policies, goals, targets, national biodiversity strategies and
actions plans, and to facilitate monitoring and review of progress at all
levels, in a more transparent and responsible manner. It is important to highlight
the framework acknowledges the human right to a clean, healthy, and sustainable
environment; gender equality and empowerment of women and girls and reducing
inequalities; and the principle of intergenerational equity which aims to meet
the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations
to meet their own needs and to ensure meaningful participation of younger
generations in decision making processes at all levels.
Vision 2050.
The vision of the framework is a world of
living in harmony with nature where: “By 2050, biodiversity is valued,
conserved, restored and wisely used, maintaining ecosystem services, sustaining
a healthy planet and delivering benefits essential for all people.”
Mission 2030.
The mission of the framework for the period up
to 2030, towards the 2050 vision is: To take urgent action to halt and reverse
biodiversity loss to put nature on a path to recovery for the benefit of people
and planet by conserving and sustainably using biodiversity and ensuring the
fair and equitable sharing of benefits from the use of genetic resources, while
providing the necessary means of implementation.
Kunming-Montreal Global Goals for 2050
The framework has four long-term goals for 2050
related to the 2050 Vision for Biodiversity.
GOAL A
The integrity, connectivity and resilience of
all ecosystems are maintained, enhanced, or restored, substantially increasing
the area of natural ecosystems by 2050;
Human induced extinction of known threatened
species is halted, and, by 2050, extinction rate and risk of all species are
reduced tenfold, and the abundance of native wild species is increased to
healthy and resilient levels;
The genetic diversity within populations of
wild and domesticated species, is maintained, safeguarding their adaptive
potential.
GOAL B
Biodiversity is sustainably used and managed
and nature’s contributions to people, including ecosystem functions and
services, are valued, maintained, and enhanced, with those currently in decline
being restored, supporting the achievement of sustainable development for the
benefit of present and future generations by 2050.
GOAL C
The monetary and non-monetary benefits from the
utilization of genetic resources, and digital sequence information on genetic
resources, and of traditional knowledge associated with genetic resources, as
applicable, are shared fairly and equitably, including, as appropriate with
indigenous peoples and local communities, and substantially increased by 2050,
while ensuring traditional knowledge associated with genetic resources is
appropriately protected, thereby contributing to the conservation and
sustainable use of biodiversity, in accordance with internationally agreed
access and benefit-sharing instruments.
GOAL D
Adequate means of implementation, including
financial resources, capacity-building, technical and scientific cooperation,
and access to and transfer of technology to fully implement the
Kunming-Montreal global biodiversity framework are secured and equitably
accessible to all Parties, especially developing countries, in particular the
least developed countries and small island developing States, as well as
countries with economies in transition, progressively closing the biodiversity
finance gap of 700 billion dollars per year, and aligning financial flows with
the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework and the 2050 Vision for
Biodiversity.
Kunming-Montreal 2030 Global Targets
1. Reducing threats to biodiversity.
TARGET 1
Ensure that all areas are under participatory
integrated biodiversity inclusive spatial planning and/or effective management
processes addressing land and sea use change, to bring the loss of areas of
high biodiversity importance, including ecosystems of high ecological
integrity, close to zero by 2030, while respecting the rights of indigenous
peoples and local communities,
TARGET 2
Ensure that by 2030 at least 30 per cent of
areas of degraded terrestrial, inland water, and coastal and marine ecosystems
are under effective restoration, to enhance biodiversity and ecosystem
functions and services, ecological integrity, and connectivity.
TARGET 3
Ensure and enable that by 2030 at least 30 per
cent of terrestrial, inland water, and of coastal and marine areas, especially
areas of particular importance for biodiversity and ecosystem functions and
services, are effectively conserved and managed through ecologically
representative, well-connected and equitably governed systems of protected
areas and other effective area-based conservation measures, recognizing
indigenous and traditional territories, where applicable, and integrated into
wider landscapes, seascapes and the ocean, while ensuring that any sustainable
use, where appropriate in such areas, is fully consistent with conservation
outcomes, recognizing and respecting the rights of indigenous peoples and local
communities, including over their traditional territories.
TARGET 4
Ensure urgent management actions to halt human
induced extinction of known threatened species and for the recovery and
conservation of species, in particular threatened species, to significantly
reduce extinction risk, as well as to maintain and restore the genetic
diversity within and between populations of native, wild and domesticated
species to maintain their adaptive potential, including through in situ and ex
situ conservation and sustainable management practices, and effectively manage
human-wildlife interactions to minimize human-wildlife conflict for
coexistence.
TARGET 5
Ensure that the use, harvesting and trade of
wild species is sustainable, safe and legal, preventing overexploitation,
minimizing impacts on non-target species and ecosystems, and reducing the risk
of pathogen spill-over, applying the ecosystem approach, while respecting and
protecting customary sustainable use by indigenous peoples and local
communities.
TARGET 6
Eliminate, minimize, reduce and or mitigate the
impacts of invasive alien species on biodiversity and ecosystem services by
identifying and managing pathways of the introduction of alien species,
preventing the introduction and establishment of priority invasive alien
species, reducing the rates of introduction and establishment of other known or
potential invasive alien species by at least 50 per cent, by 2030, eradicating
or controlling invasive alien species especially in priority sites, such as
islands.
TARGET 7
Reduce pollution risks and the negative impact
of pollution from all sources, by 2030, to levels that are not harmful to
biodiversity and ecosystem functions and services, considering cumulative
effects, including: reducing excess nutrients lost to the environment by at
least half including through more efficient nutrient cycling and use; reducing
the overall risk from pesticides and highly hazardous chemicals by at least
half including through integrated pest management, based on science, taking
into account food security and livelihoods; and also preventing, reducing, and
working towards eliminating plastic pollution.
TARGET 8
Minimize the impact of climate change and ocean
acidification on biodiversity and increase its resilience through mitigation,
adaptation, and disaster risk reduction actions, including through nature-based
solution and/or ecosystem-based approaches, while minimizing negative and
fostering positive impacts of climate action on biodiversity.
2. Meeting people’s needs through
sustainable use and benefit-sharing.
TARGET 9
Ensure that the management and use of wild
species are sustainable, thereby providing social, economic and environmental
benefits for people, especially those in vulnerable situations and those most
dependent on biodiversity, including through sustainable biodiversity-based
activities, products and services that enhance biodiversity, and protecting and
encouraging customary sustainable use by indigenous peoples and local
communities.
TARGET 10
Ensure that areas under agriculture,
aquaculture, fisheries and forestry are managed sustainably, in particular
through the sustainable use of biodiversity, including through a substantial
increase of the application of biodiversity friendly practices, such as
sustainable intensification, agroecological and other innovative approaches
contributing to the resilience and long-term efficiency and productivity of
these production systems and to food security, conserving and restoring
biodiversity and maintaining nature’s contributions to people, including
ecosystem functions and services .
TARGET 11
Restore, maintain, and enhance nature’s
contributions to people, including ecosystem functions and services, such as
regulation of air, water, and climate, soil health, pollination and reduction
of disease risk, as well as protection from natural hazards and disasters,
through nature-based solutions and/or ecosystem-based approaches for the
benefit of all people and nature.
TARGET 12
Significantly increase the area and quality and
connectivity of, access to, and benefits from green and blue spaces in urban
and densely populated areas sustainably, by mainstreaming the conservation and
sustainable use of biodiversity, and ensure biodiversity-inclusive urban
planning, enhancing native biodiversity, ecological connectivity and integrity,
and improving human health and well-being and connection to nature and contributing
to inclusive and sustainable urbanization and the provision of ecosystem
functions and services.
TARGET 13
Take effective legal, policy, administrative
and capacity-building measures at all levels, as appropriate, to ensure the
fair and equitable sharing of benefits that arise from the utilization of
genetic resources and from digital sequence information on genetic resources,
as well as traditional knowledge associated with genetic resources, and
facilitating appropriate access to genetic resources, and by 2030 facilitating
a significant increase of the benefits shared, in accordance with applicable
international access and benefit-sharing instruments.
3. Tools and solutions for implementation and
mainstreaming.
TARGET 14
Ensure the full integration of biodiversity and
its multiple values into policies, regulations, planning and development
processes, poverty eradication strategies, strategic environmental assessments,
environmental impact assessments and, as appropriate, national accounting,
within and across all levels of government and across all sectors, in
particular those with significant impacts on biodiversity, progressively
aligning all relevant public and private activities, fiscal and financial flows
with the goals and targets of this framework.
TARGET 15
Take legal, administrative or policy measures
to encourage and enable business, and in particular to ensure that large and
transnational companies and financial institutions:
(a) Regularly monitor, assess, and
transparently disclose their risks, dependencies and impacts on biodiversity,
including with requirements for all large as well as transnational companies
and financial institutions along their operations, supply and value chains and
portfolios;
(b) Provide information needed to consumers to
promote sustainable consumption patterns;
(c) Report on compliance with access and benefit-sharing
regulations and measures, as applicable;
In order to progressively reduce negative
impacts on biodiversity, increase positive impacts, reduce biodiversity-related
risks to business and financial institutions, and promote actions to ensure sustainable
patterns of production.
TARGET 16
Ensure that people are encouraged and enabled
to make sustainable consumption choices including by establishing supportive
policy, legislative or regulatory frameworks, improving education and access to
relevant and accurate information and alternatives, and by 2030, reduce the
global footprint of consumption in an equitable manner, including through
halving global food waste, significantly reducing overconsumption and
substantially reducing waste generation, in order for all people to live well
in harmony with Mother Earth.
TARGET 17
Establish, strengthen capacity for, and
implement in all countries in biosafety measures as set out in Article 8(g) of
the Convention on Biological Diversity and measures for the handling of
biotechnology and distribution of its benefits as set out in Article 19 of the
Convention.
TARGET 18
Identify by 2025, and eliminate, phase out or
reform incentives, including subsidies, harmful for biodiversity, in a
proportionate, just, fair, effective, and equitable way, while substantially
and progressively reducing them by at least 500 billion United States dollars
per year by 2030, starting with the most harmful incentives, and scale up
positive incentives for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity.
TARGET 19
Substantially and progressively increase the
level of financial resources from all sources, in an effective, timely and
easily accessible manner, including domestic, international, public and private
resources, in accordance with Article 20 of the Convention, to implement
national biodiversity strategies and action plans, by 2030 mobilizing at least
200 billion United States dollars per year, including by:
(a) Increasing total biodiversity related
international financial resources from developed countries, including official
development assistance, and from countries that voluntarily assume obligations
of developed country Parties, to developing countries, in particular the least
developed countries and small island developing States, as well as countries
with economies in transition, to at least US$ 20 billion per year by 2025, and
to at least US$ 30 billion per year by 2030;
(b) Significantly increasing domestic resource
mobilization, facilitated by the preparation and implementation of national
biodiversity finance plans or similar instruments according to national needs,
priorities and circumstances;
(c) Leveraging private finance, promoting
blended finance, implementing strategies for raising new and additional
resources, and encouraging the private sector to invest in biodiversity,
including through impact funds and other instruments;
(d) Stimulating innovative schemes such as
payment for ecosystem services, green bonds, biodiversity offsets and credits,
benefit-sharing mechanisms, with environmental and social safeguards
(e) Optimizing co-benefits and synergies of
finance targeting the biodiversity and climate crises,
(f) Enhancing the role of collective actions,
including by indigenous peoples and local communities, Mother Earth centric
actions22 and non-market-based approaches including community based natural
resource management and civil society cooperation and solidarity aimed at the
conservation of biodiversity
(g) Enhancing the effectiveness, efficiency and
transparency of resource provision and use;
TARGET 20
Strengthen capacity-building and development,
access to and transfer of technology, and promote development of and access to
innovation and technical and scientific cooperation, including through
South-South, North-South and triangular cooperation, to meet the needs for
effective implementation, particularly in developing countries, fostering joint
technology development and joint scientific research programmes for the
conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity and strengthening scientific
research and monitoring capacities, commensurate with the ambition of the goals
and targets of the framework.
TARGET 21
Ensure that the best available data,
information and knowledge, are accessible to decision makers, practitioners and
the public to guide effective and equitable governance, integrated and
participatory management of biodiversity, and to strengthen communication,
awareness-raising, education, monitoring, research and knowledge management
and, also in this context, traditional knowledge, innovations, practices and
technologies of indigenous peoples and local communities should only be
accessed with their free, prior and informed consent,23 in accordance with
national legislation.
TARGET 22
Ensure the full, equitable, inclusive,
effective and gender-responsive representation and participation in
decision-making, and access to justice and information related to biodiversity
by indigenous peoples and local communities, respecting their cultures and
their rights over lands, territories, resources, and traditional knowledge, as
well as by women and girls, children and youth, and persons with disabilities
and ensure the full protection of environmental human rights defenders.
TARGET 23
Ensure gender equality in the implementation of
the framework through a gender-responsive approach where all women and girls
have equal opportunity and capacity to contribute to the three objectives of
the Convention, including by recognizing their equal rights and access to land
and natural resources and their full, equitable, meaningful and informed
participation and leadership at all levels of action, engagement, policy and
decision-making related to biodiversity.
